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So my 2014 Macbook Air froze on login the other week. I had some of my data restored and was told it's probably the hard drive thats cooked. I bought a replacement crucial p1 drive + adapter and have had no luck installing mac os on my macbook. For starters I cant get into disk utility, the. A free service to enthusiasts participating in the worldwide flight simulation community. Includes links, services, and information. Although it is unknown who is behind FruitFly or how the malware gets into Mac computers, the researchers believe the nasty malware has been active for around ten years, as some of its code dates back to as far as 1998. 'FruitFly, the first OS X/macOS malware of 2017, is a rather intriguing specimen.

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Logo used to indicate a Universal application

The universal binary format is, in Apple parlance, a format for executable files that run natively on either PowerPC or Intel-manufactured IA-32 or Intel 64 or ARM64-based Macintosh computers. The format originated on NeXTStep as 'Multi-Architecture Binaries', and the concept is more generally known as a fat binary, as seen on Power Macintosh.

With the release of Mac OS X Snow Leopard, and before that, since the move to 64-bit architectures in general, some software publishers such as Mozilla[1] have used the term 'universal' to refer to a fat binary that includes builds for both i386 (32-bit Intel) and x86_64 systems. The same mechanism that is used to select between the PowerPC or Intel builds of an application is also used to select between the 32-bit or 64-bit builds of either PowerPC or Intel architectures.

Apple, however, continued to require native compatibility with both PowerPC and Intel in order to grant third-party software publishers permission to use Apple's trademarks related to universal binaries.[2] Apple does not specify whether or not such third-party software publishers must (or should) bundle separate builds for all architectures.

Universal binaries were introduced into Mac OS at the 2005 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as a means to ease the transition from the existing PowerPC architecture to systems based on Intel processors, which began shipping in 2006. Universal binaries typically include both PowerPC and x86 versions of a compiled application. The operating system detects a universal binary by its header, and executes the appropriate section for the architecture in use. This allows the application to run natively on any supported architecture, with no negative performance impact beyond an increase in the storage space taken up by the larger binary.

Starting with Mac OS X Snow Leopard, only Intel-based Macs are supported, so software that specifically depends upon capabilities present only in Mac OS X 10.6 or newer will only run on Intel-based Macs and therefore does not require Intel/PPC fat binaries. Additionally, starting with OS X Lion, only 64-bit Intel Macs are supported, so software that specifically depends on new features in OS X 10.7 or newer will only run on 64-bit processors and therefore does not require 32-bit/64-bit fat binaries.[3][4] Fat binaries would only be necessary for software that is designed to have backward compatibility with older versions of Mac OS X running on older hardware.

The new Universal 2 binary format was introduced at the 2020 Worldwide Developers Conference.[5] Universal 2 allows applications to run on both Intelx86-64-based and ARM64-based Macintosh computers, to enable the transition to Apple silicon.

Motivation[edit]

There are two general alternative solutions. The first is to simply provide two separate binaries, one compiled for the x86 architecture and one for the PowerPC architecture. However, this can be confusing to software users unfamiliar with the difference between the two, although the confusion can be remedied through improved documentation, or the use of hybrid CDs. The other alternative is to rely on emulation of one architecture by a system running the other architecture. This approach results in lower performance, and is generally regarded an interim solution to be used only until universal binaries or specifically compiled binaries are available as with Rosetta.

Universal binaries are larger than single-platform binaries, because multiple copies of the compiled code must be stored. However, because some non-executable resources are shared by the two architectures, the size of the resulting universal binary can be, and usually is, smaller than both binaries combined. They also do not require extra RAM because only one of those two copies is loaded for execution.

History[edit]

The concept of a universal binary originated with 'Multi-Architecture Binaries' in NeXTSTEP, the main architectural foundation of Mac OS X. NeXTSTEP supports universal binaries so that one executable image can run on multiple architectures, including Motorola's m68k, Intel's x86, Sun Microsystems's SPARC, and Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC. NeXTSTEP and macOS use Mach-O archive as the binary format underlying the universal binary.

Apple previously used a similar technique during the transition from 68k processors to PowerPC in the mid-1990s. These dual-platform executables are called fat binaries, referring to their larger file size.

Apple's Xcode 2.1 supports the creation of these files, a new feature in that release. A simple application developed with processor-independence in mind might require very few changes to compile as a universal binary, but a complex application designed to take advantage of architecture-specific features might require substantial modification. Applications originally built using other development tools might require additional modification. These reasons have been given for the delay between the introduction of Intel-based Macintosh computers and the availability of third-party applications in universal binary format. Apple's delivery of Intel-based computers several months ahead of their previously announced schedule is another factor in this gap.

Apple's Xcode 2.4 takes the concept of universal binaries even further, by allowing four-architecture binaries to be created (32- and 64-bit for both Intel and PowerPC), therefore allowing a single executable to take full advantage of the CPU capabilities of any Mac OS X machine.

Universal applications[edit]

Many software developers have provided universal binary updates for their products since the 2005 WWDC. As of December 2008, Apple's website listed more than 7,500 Universal applications.[6]

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On April 16, 2007, Adobe Systems announced the release of Adobe Creative Suite 3, the first version of the application suite in the Universal Binary format.[7]

From 2006 to 2010, many Mac OS X applications were ported to Universal Binary format, including QuarkXPress, Apple's own Final Cut Studio, Adobe Creative Suite, Microsoft Office 2008, and Shockwave Player with version 11 - after that time most were made Intel-only apps. Non-Universal 32-bit PowerPC programs will run on Intel Macs running Mac OS X 10.4, 10.5, and 10.6 (in most cases), but with non-optimal performance, since they must be translated on-the-fly by Rosetta; they will not run on Mac OS X 10.7 Lion and later as Rosetta is no longer part of the OS.

iOS[edit]

Apple has used the same binary format as Universal Binaries for iOS applications by default on multiple occasions of architectural co-existence: around 2010 during the armv6-armv7-armv7s transition and around 2016 during the armv7-arm64 transition. The App Store automatically thins the binaries. No trade names were derived for this practice, as it is only a concern of the developer.[8]

Universal 2[edit]

On June 22, 2020, Apple announced a two-year permanent transition from Intelx86-64-based processors to ARM64-based Apple silicon beginning with macOS Big Sur in late 2020.[9] To aid in this transition, a new Universal 2 binary was introduced to enable applications to be run on either x86-64-based processors or ARM64-based processors.[5]

Tools[edit]

The main tool for handling (creating or splitting) universal binaries is the lipo command found in Xcode. The file command on macOS and several other Unix-like systems can identify Mach-O universal binaries and report architecture support.[10]Snow Leopard's System Profiler provides this information on the Applications tab.

See also[edit]

  • Xslimmer, a commercial Mac OS X application that allows the user to slim down the fat universal binaries by removing the code for the platform that is not in use.

References[edit]

  1. ^'Firefox 4 for Mac OS X: Under the Hood'. November 10, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  2. ^'Mac OS X Universal Logo: Guidelines for Mac OS X Universal Logo Licenses'(PDF). Apple Inc. June 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  3. ^'Mac OS X: 64-bit kernel frequently asked questions'. Apple Inc. October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  4. ^'Does Mac OS X 10.7 'Lion' run on Macs with a 32-bit EFI? How does the performance of Mac OS X 10.7 'Lion' compare to Mac OS X 10.6 'Snow Leopard' in 'real-world' tests? @ EveryMac.com'. everymac.com. Kyle Media. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  5. ^ abAxon, Samuel (June 22, 2020). 'This is Apple's roadmap for moving the first Macs away from Intel'. Ars Technica. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  6. ^'Macintosh Products Guide: Universal Applications'. Apple Computer. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
  7. ^'Adobe Ships Creative Suite 3'. Adobe Systems. April 16, 2007. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  8. ^'lipo - iOS fat binaries and thinning out'. Stack Overflow.
  9. ^Amadeo, Ron (June 22, 2020). 'Apple announces macOS 11, 'Big Sur,' with an emphasis on design'. Ars Technica. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  10. ^stany (September 6, 2005). 'Mac OS X: Trimming fat from Mach-O fat files'. theconsultant.net. Retrieved October 18, 2013.

External links[edit]

  • Apple Developer Transition Resource Center
  • Apple Universal Binary Programming Guidelines
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_binary&oldid=1019669270'

A good flight simulator is the one which have realistic graphics, real maps, best in class airplanes and controls that can simulate a real flying experience. In this article, we are going to list the top free flight simulator that one can use to fly their favorite aircraft with amazingly real graphics. The Covid-19 lockdown around the world can be very tiring for a lot of us, hence we have some amazing free flight simulator for you to try. We have earlier posted an article on fastest aircraft in GeoFS (Geo Flight Simulator) and now we are here with a lot more for you.

In this list we are going to list some flight simulators which come in two categories, ONLINE FLIGHT SIMULATOR and FREE FLIGHT SIMULATOR. We tried our best to research and list only those flight simulators that are good and easily accessible.

What is a flight simulator?

A flight simulator is an artificial flight environment where you can recreate a flying experience. Flight simulators are used by companies to train the future pilots and to enhance their flying skills. A flight simulator is not just for fun but is also used to recreate an air crash to know the reasons for it. Air crash investigations are carried out in which they recreate the flight with the provided data to look for various reasons of the crash. In this article, we will only talk about a basic flight simulator which you can use for fun and to fulfill your dreams of flying any aircraft.

List of top free flight simulator of 2020

Below we are listing the best flight simulators. You can access all of them for free and they have been tested according to the users needs. We will provide the direct links to access these free flight simulator if they are available.

1. GeoFS (GEO FLIGHT SIMULATOR)

This is the first and best online flight simulator in our list. GeoFS was earlier Google Earth Flight Simulator but later google discontinued it. The GeoFS community was so impressed by the flight simulator that they decided to continue it and it is now owned by Cesium webGL. You can access this flight simulator directly through your web browser anytime and anywhere, GeoFS does not require any files to be downloaded. GeoFS have many features which gives us the best flying experience. There is a huge list of available aircraft that you can fly like the Airbus A380, Boeing 747, Airbus A350 and also the spersonic F16.

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Features of GeoFS

  • Real map- GeoFS has a real map that means you can fly anywhere around the globe and land or takeoff from any airport.
  • HD graphics- GeoFS have stunning graphics and smooth runways.
  • Real time weather conditions- The free flight simulator has an amazing feature through which you can experience real time weather of any place and also real time airspeed which makes it even more realistic.
  • There are a total of 40 aircraft which you can fly in GeoFS. these 40 aircraft include commercial aircraft, supersonic jets, helicopter, hot air balloon and even a glider.
  • Multiplayer GeoFS is a multiplayer flight simulator which means you can fly with your friends and do a group flight.
  • Free of cost- GeoFS provides all these features for free and does not charge anything.

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Where can I use the GeoFS?

One can use the GeoFS on any web browser and does not need to download any files to your computer. GeoFS is now also available on your Android Mobile devices and iOS. The links are provided below.

web browser link – GeoFS

Android App- GeoFS Android App

iOS app- GeoFS iOS app

ALSO CHECK

2. Flight Gear (Windows, MacOS)

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Flight Gear is another stunning free flight simulator that is supported on windows and MacOS. This is the advanced level of GeoFS where the controls and graphics are even more realistic and smooth. Flight Gear is owned by Microsoft and was started in 1997. Since then this amazing free flight simulator has been improvised by the developer community. Flight Gear is an open source software which means installation can be a little confusing for some. There is a large variety of aircraft to fly that are community contributed which you will have to install manually. but in case you face a problem configuring these aircraft, you can still fly a Cessna 172 and enjoy the large map of the simulator. Below we will be listing the features of Flight Gear and provide you a few important links.

Features of Flight Gear

  • free of cost- The main feature is obviously the fact that Flight Gear is totally free of cost, you do not have to buy it from anywhere.
  • Huge map and tons of airports- Flight Gear offers the pilots a lot of airports that are approximately 20,000 till date. It also has a huge map to fly.
  • Stunning graphics- Flight Gear have some very realistic graphics, one can adjust the graphics according to there needs, the system requirements are not too high as well.
  • detailed weather effects.
  • open source software.

Download FlightGear 2018.3.5 for Windows (versions 7, 8, 10)

Download FlightGear 2018.3.5 for macOS

download additional aircraft here.

Download the latest World Scenery data updates.

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Visit the FlightGear store.

X-Plane 11 (Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android, iOS)

Laminar Research’s X-Plane 11 is another flight simulator that has a different fan base. Its a free flight simulator and have more than 3000 airports with realistic hangers where you can park your aircraft and terminal buildings. It is not just another flight simulator as it have very real controls and is very detailed. The developers who made it claim that it is not just a simulation game but a lot more than that since it is very realistic. It offers very accurate detailing of the aircraft and the maps, multiplayer option offers you an ATC (Air Traffic Controller) which makes it even more impressive. X-Plane have some serious controls which may be difficult to understand for some, but for those aviation enthusiasts who want a totally real flying experience, X-Plane 11 is just for you.

unfortunately the full version is not free but you can download the demo version and enjoy it, we will provide the link below.

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Features of X-Plane 11

  • Realistic Graphics
  • 3000 Airports
  • Realistic Cockpit View
  • Large Variety of Aircraft
  • Available on almost every platform.
  • Free demo version available.

Hope you liked these top free flight simulator that are listed in our article. We suggest you to try each and all of them. Also share your views with us in the comment section below.